Wednesday, 4 December 2024

detailed summary the rising of the moon

In the story, a prisoner has escaped from jail and is on the loose. Three men, a sergeant, and two junior assistants are distributing flyers trying to aid in his capture, offering a sum of one hundred pounds, which, at the time was an incredible amount.

After passing out flyers, the men separate and the sergeant decides to sit and wait out on a quay to see if the prisoner can be captured. While he rests there, he thinks about the wealth one would have if they received the hundred pounds, and a man comes up to him.
  1. Sergeant: He is an irresponsible but brave policeman. Furthermore, he is easily fooled and he seeks acknowledgment.
  2. The Ragged man: He is a brave man because he can escape from jail and he is a smart man because he can deceive the sergeant well.
  3. Policeman B: He is an obedient policeman because he obeys whatever the sergeant says. Moreover, he cares about the Sergeant when he suggests the sergeant accept the lantern when he left him.
  4. Policeman X: He is an obedient man and he respects the Sergeant.

The Police were in search of the wanted criminal

On a moonlit night at an Irish wharf by the sea, three Irish policemen in the service of the occupying English government pasted up wanted posters for a clever escaped political criminal. Convinced that the escaped rebel might creep to the water’s edge to be rescued by sea, they all hoped to capture him for the hundred-pound reward and perhaps even a promotion.

The Sergeant sent his two younger assistants with the only lantern to post more leaflets around town while, uneasily, he kept watch at the water’s edge.


  1. Sergeant: He is an irresponsible but brave policeman. Furthermore, he is easily fooled and he seeks acknowledgment.
  2. The Ragged man: He is a brave man because he can escape from jail and he is a smart man because he can deceive the sergeant well.
  3. Policeman B: He is an obedient policeman because he obeys whatever the sergeant says. Moreover, he cares about the Sergeant when he suggests the sergeant accept the lantern when he left him.
  4. Policeman X: He is an obedient man and he respects the Sergeant.


The Ragged Man tries to escape the Sergeant

 A man in rags tried to slip past the Sergeant, explaining that he merely wanted to sell some songs to incoming sailors. The Ragged Man identified himself as “Jimmy Walsh”, a ballad singer. When the man headed toward the steps to the water, the Sergeant stopped him, insisting that “Jimmy” leaves by way of town.


Trying to interest the officer in his songs, the man sang a few ballads to the protesting Sergeant, who wanted only to keep the area clear so he could catch the fleeing prisoner if he appeared. He ordered the man to leave the area immediately.


The Ragged Man pretended to start toward town but stopped to comment on the face on the poster, saying that he knew the man well. Interested, the Sergeant’s changed his mind about sending the Ragged man away, and insisted that the stranger stay to furnish more information about the fugitive. The Ragged Man described a dark, dangerous, muscular man who was an expert with many weapons, then he hinted at previous murders of policemen on moonlit nights exactly like the present one.


The Sergeant lets the Ragged man stay with him

Frightened, the Sergeant gladly accepted the Ragged Man’s offer to stay with him on the wharf to help look for the escaped murderer. Sitting back-to-back on a barrel to have a full view of the dock area, the two men smoked pipes together to calm the Sergeant’s nerves. The Sergeant confessed that police work was difficult, especially for family men, because the officers spent long hours on dangerous missions.


Accompanying the Sergeant’s lament, the Ragged Man started to sing a traditional, sentimental song about lovers and the beautiful Irish countryside. Then he began a nationalistic ballad about a legend, oppressed old Irishwoman named Granuaile.

The Sergeant stopped him, protesting that it was inappropriate to sing about Irish oppression when political tempers were flaring between Ireland and England. His ragged companion replied that he was only singing the song to keep up his spirits on their dangerous and lonely watch.


Then the Ragged Man grabbed his chest as if the forbidden singing was necessary to calm his frightened heart, so the pitying Sergeant allowed him to continue his ballad. Again, the man sang about the fabled Irish martyr, Granuaile, but this time he inserted the wrong lyrics. Immediately, the Sergeant corrected the man and sang the proper line, revealing his knowledge of a rebel song, even though he was supposed to be loyal to the English rulers.


The Sergeant becomes nostalgic

The ballad-man slyly began to probe the Sergeant’s memories of former days when, as a young man, the Sergeant lovingly sang several traditional Irish ballads, including “Granuaile”. Confidentially, the Sergeant admitted that he had sung every patriotic ballad the Ragged Man named. The man suggested that the Sergeant and the fugitive perhaps shared the same youthful memories; in fact, the escaped prisoner might even have been among the Sergeant’s close friends in their younger days.


When the Sergeant admitted the possibility, the ballad-man described a hypothetical scene in which the Sergeant joined in with those former singing friends to free Ireland. Therefore, the Ragged Man concluded, it might have been fated that the Sergeant would be the pursued instead of the pursuer.


Caught up in the hypothetical scenario, the Sergeant mused that if he had made different choices—not going into the police force, not marrying, and having children—he and the fugitive could well have exchanged roles.


The possibility became so real for him that he began to confuse his own identity with the escape and imagined himself stealthily trying to escape, violently shooting or assaulting police officers. He was startled out of his reverie by a sound from the water, he suspected that his rescues had, at last, arrived to carry away the fugitive.


The Sergeant Doubted his decisions

The Ragged Man contended that the Sergeant in the past sympathized with the Irish nationalists and not with the law he currently represented. He suggested that the Sergeant still doubted the choice he made for the English law but against “the people”. Boldly singing the rebel tune, “The Rising of the Moon”, as a signal to the rescuers on the water and ripping off his hat and wig, “Jimmy”, the “ballad-man”, revealed that he was, in fact, the fugitive himself, with a hundred-pound reward on his head.


Startled and struggling with his heretofore suppressed sympathies for the rebels, the Sergeant threatened to arrest the escapee and collect the reward when his younger police companies approached. He protested that his rebel sentiments were buried in the past.

Slipping behind the barrel seat they had shared to hide from the nearing officers, the fugitive called on the Sergeant’s love for Ireland to keep his presence secret. Quickly hiding the fugitive’s wig and hat behind him, the Sergeant denied to his subordinates that he has seen anyone. When the officers insisted that they stay to aid their superior on his dangerous watch, the Sergeant gruffly rebuked their noisy offers and sent them away with their lantern.


The escaped rebel gratefully retrieved his disguise, promising to return the favour when, “at the Rising of the Moon”, roles would inevitably be reversed between oppressors and oppressed. Quickly, he slipped into the rescue boat. Left musing alone on the moonlit wharf, the Sergeant thought of the lost reward and wondered if he had been a great fool.


Conclusion

The title of The Rising of the Moon comes from a popular old rebel song that pointed to the rising of the moon as the signal for the rising of peoples against oppression. The main characters of the play represent the two opposing forces in Ireland: freedom and independence, personified by the ballad singer (a Ragged Man), and law and order, represented by the Sergeant.


The ballad singer is aligned with those who want to change the social structure of Ireland what the people now on the bottom will be on top. The Sergeant’s job is to preserve the status quo and avoid such a turning of the tables. Importantly, the Sergeant and the ballad singer represent the two alternatives that face the modern Irish — now as in the past.


One alternative is to accept the power of the English and be in their pay, as the Sergeant; one would then be well fed and capable of supporting a family. The other alternative is to follow the revolutionary path of the ballad singer and risk prison, scorn, and impoverishment. A ballad singer is a ragged man because he has been reduced in circumstances by his political choices.












The Rising of the Moon summary

:

Isabella Augusta Persse, better known as Lady Gregory, wrote the play The Rising of the Moon in the early 1900s. It is a comedic tale of police officers and an escaped prisoner they are trying to find, and it explores some of the dynamics between English and Irish people as well as prisoners and their captors.

In the story, a prisoner has escaped from jail and is on the loose. Three men, a sergeant and two junior assistants, are distributing flyers trying to aid in his capture, offering a sum of one hundred pounds, which, at the time was an incredible amount. After passing out flyers, the men separate and the sergeant decides to sit and wait out on a quay to see if the prisoner can be captured. While he rests there, he thinks about the wealth one would have if they received the hundred pounds, and a man comes up to him.


The man acts as an entertaining ballad singer, but in reality, he is the fugitive prisoner. He claims to know the convict and offers to help the sergeant, who agrees, because the man says he wants no part in the reward and would let the sergeant take all of it. While the two man wait, they discuss their lives and muse on why the sergeant took the path in life he did instead of turning to nationalism and becoming a patriot, making him question his life choices and ingratiating the fugitive to him somewhat.


As they are sitting and the fugitive is singing, a passing ship responds to one of his songs, revealing that they are his escape plan. The sergeant learns that he has been tricked and is furious but given pause because of their conversation. He decides in the end to allow the prisoner to leave and get to the ship, because of their connection and the conversations they have been having.


Summary

Last Updated on October 26, 2018, by eNotes Editorial. Word Count: 995


On a moonlit night on an Irish wharf, three Irish police officers in the service of the occupying English government paste up wanted posters for a clever escaped political criminal. Convinced that the escaped rebel might creep to the water’s edge to be rescued by sea, they all hope to capture him for the hundred-pound reward and perhaps even a promotion. The Sergeant sends his two younger assistants with their only lantern to post more flyers around town while, uneasily, he keeps watch at the water’s edge.


A man in rags tries to slip past the Sergeant, explaining that he merely wants to sell some songs to incoming sailors. The Ragged Man identifies himself as Jimmy Walsh, a ballad singer. When the man heads toward the steps to the water, the Sergeant stops him, insisting that Jimmy leave by way of town. Trying to interest the officer in his songs, the man sings a few ballads to the protesting Sergeant, who wants only to keep the area clear so he can catch the fleeing prisoner if he appears. The Sergeant orders the man to leave the area immediately.


The Ragged Man pretends to start toward town but stops to comment on the face on the poster, saying that he knows the man well. Interested, the Sergeant changes his mind about sending the Ragged Man away and insists that the stranger stay to furnish more information about the fugitive. The Ragged Man describes a dark, dangerous, muscular man who is an expert with many weapons, then he hints at previous murders of police officers on moonlit nights exactly like the present one.


Frightened, the Sergeant gladly accepts the Ragged Man’s offer to stay with him on the wharf to help look for the escaped murderer. Sitting back-to-back on a barrel in order to have full view of the dock area, the two men smoke pipes together to calm the Sergeant’s nerves. The Sergeant confesses that police work is difficult, especially for family men, because the officers spend long hours on dangerous missions. .

Thursday, 28 November 2024

New Dress questions

1) She went straight to the far end of the room.

(Choose the alternative showing the correct framing of a wh-question to get the underlined words as answer)
1 point
How did she go straight?
When did she go straight?
How long did she go straight?
Where did she go straight?
2) What a hideous new dress!

(Choose the alternative showing the correct transformation of this sentence into assertive sentence)

1 point
New dress is very hideous.
New dress is hideous.
New dress is a very hideous.
New dress is not hideous.

3) She could not be fashionable.

(Choose the alternative showing the correct replacement for ‘could not’)
1 point
She was able to be fashionable.
She was not able to be fashionable.
She was fashionable.
She was not fashionable.

4) She felt like a dressmaker’s dummy standing there.

(Choose the alternative showing the correct transformation of this sentence into complex sentence)
1 point
Though she felt like a dressmaker’s dummy, she was standing there.
She felt like a dressmaker’s dummy and stood there.
When she was standing there, she felt like a dressmaker’s dummy.
When she stood there, she felt like a dressmaker’s dummy.

5) We are all like flies trying to crawl over the edge of the saucer.

(Choose the alternative showing the correct use of ‘who’)
1 point
We are all like flies who tried to crawl over the edge of the saucer.
We are all like flies who were trying to crawl over the edge of the saucer.
We are all like flies trying who crawl over the edge of the saucer.
We, who are all like flies, trying to crawl over the edge of the saucer

6) But she could not see them like that, not other people.

(Choose the alternative showing the correct use of ‘neither ---nor’)

1 point
But she neither could see them like that, nor other people.
But she could neither see them like that, nor other people.
But she could either see them like that, or other people.
But could she neither see them like that, nor other people.
7) Miss Milan’s little workroom was really terribly hot, stuffy, sordid.

(Choose the alternative showing the correct transformation of this sentence into exclamatory sentence)
1 point
What a terribly hot, stuffy, sordid Miss Mian’s little workroom was!
Who terribly hot, stuffy, sordid Miss Mian’s little workroom was!
How terribly hot, stuffy, sordid Miss Mian’s little workroom was!
How much terribly hot, stuffy, sordid Miss Mian’s little workroom was!
8) She faced herself straight in the glass; she pecked at her left shoulder.

(Choose the alternative showing the correct use of ‘not only------but also)
1 point
Not only she faced herself straight in the glass but also she pecked at her left shoulder.
She not only faced herself straight in the glass but also pecked at her left shoulder.
She faced herself not only straight in the glass but also pecked at her left shoulder.
She faced herself straight not only in the glass but also pecked at her left shoulder.
9) And now the whole thing had vanished.

(Choose the alternative showing the correct tense used here)
1 point
Past simple tense.
Past perfect continuous tense.
Past perfect tense.
Past future tense.
10) Could Mabel tell her if Elmthorpe was ever let for August and September?

(Choose the alternative showing the correct transformation of this sentence into assertive)
1 point
Mabel could tell her if Elmthorpe was ever let for August and September.
Mabel could not tell her if Elmthorpe was ever let for August and September.
Mabel does not tell her if Elmthorpe was ever let for August and September.
Mabel did not tell her if Elmthorpe was ever let for August and September.

New dress


Chapter 1.5: The New Dress English Yuvakbharati 12th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board [Latest edition]
Chapter 2: The New Dress
Write in Column ‘B’ the description of the clothes you would choose to wear for the occasions given in Column ‘A’.



Column ‘A’

Column ‘B’

A birthday party



A prize distribution ceremony at school



A picnic



An entertainment show





Solution: 



Column ‘A’

Column ‘B’

A birthday party

A pair of jeans and a t-shirt/top

A prize distribution ceremony at school

School uniform/formal shirt and a pair of trousers

A picnic

Dungaree/A pair of shorts with a t-shirt and a hooded jacket

An entertainment show

An evening dress/Shirt with a pair of trousers and a blazer

Discuss the criterion of the choice of your clothes with the help of the following points:

1. Occasion

2. Society (people you may meet at the venue)

3. Availability

4. Fashion

5. Your wish/whim

6. A suggestion or advice by someone (mother, sister, friend, etc.).

7. Any other than the above mentioned reasons.

Solution: 

1.Occasion

3. Availability

5. Your wish/whim

Note: The answers given above are for reference. Students are supposed to attempt these questions by taking cue from these answers.

Divide the class into groups. Discuss the role of costumes in enhancing your personality.

Solution: 

Costumes or clothes play a very important role in our lives. The clothes that we wear say a lot about the kind of person that we are. People, who don’t know us, can get to know a lot about our personality by the clothes that we wear. Wearing clothes that make us look good, boosts our self-esteem. When we wear clothes that are comfortable, they help us to be at ease with respect to the environment as well as company. We may never notice this, but clothes also affect our mood. When we wear clothes that we don’t really like or find uncomfortable, it reflects in the way we conduct ourselves. We become more conscious and critical of ourselves. It is thus very important to choose the right costume for the right occasion because when we dress right, we feel comfortable and confident in our skin. This comfort and confidence then enhance our personality.

State whether you agree or disagree with the following statement and discuss the reason.

A simple dress makes one's personality look dull.



Agree

Disagree



We should not judge ourselves from the comments we receive from others.

Agree

Disagree

A fashionable and costly dress makes you look rich, intelligent and beautiful.


Agree


Disagree



We should choose a dress according to the fashion rather than our choice.



Agree

Disagree



Narrate in your words the picture imagined by Mabel as she thinks herself in the party as a fly at the edge of the saucer.



Solution: 



Mabel told herself that she and everyone else were flies trying to crawl over the edge of a saucer. She could then picture a saucer of milk and flies trying to crawl out of the saucer with their wings stuck together. However, no matter how hard she tried, she could not picture the other people as flies. Even in her imagination, the other people appeared as beautiful insects, while she alone looked like a fly dragging herself out of the saucer.




There are a few other characters mentioned in the story. Discuss the way their reactions help us to understand the inferiority complex of Mabel.



Solution: 



1. Mrs. Barnet:

As soon as Mabel takes off her cloak, Mrs. Barnet tries to draw her attention towards the various appliances needed to tidy one’s hair, clothes, etc., Mabel panics and the first thought that comes to her mind is that her dress is awful, just as she suspected.



2. Rose Shaw:

She compliments Mabel by telling her that her dress looked perfectly charming. However, Mabel’s low self-worth makes her think that Rose is simply trying to mock her by sarcastically complimenting her dress.




Robert Haydon:

As Mabel thinks out loud that she looks like a dowdy, decrepit, dingy old fly, Robert stops to hear her. He thinks that Mabel is trying to reassure herself by saying this, so that she can feel that she is detached, witty and did not feel out of anything. He, therefore, says something quite polite to Mabel, which she misinterprets as insincere. She cannot comprehend that someone can actually say something genuinely nice to her and therefore she thinks of it as a lie.

Miss Milan:

Mabel’s low regard of self can be witnessed when one small comment from Miss Milan overwhelms her to the extent that she is moved to tears thinking about the patient and enduring side of the nature of humans.

Charles Burt:

Mabel is already vulnerable when she tells Charles that her dress is old-fashioned. Though she tries to cover up by saying that she was talking about the picture, Charles is already annoyed and announces that “Mabel’s got a new dress”. But to Mabel, who is already vulnerable, this feels as though she has been humiliated in front of everyone; as if she is the fly again and has been pushed back into the saucer. She depicts Charles in a negative light, almost as a villain, though that is not the case. Mabel’s insecurities have made her feel that everyone around her dislikes her and her dress.

Pick out the sentences from the story which describe the ambience of the party at Mrs. Dalloway’s place.

Solution: 

Sentences from the story which describe the ambience of the party at Mrs. Dalloway’s place are:

1. … as she took her cloak off and Mrs. Barnet, while handing her the mirror and touching the brushes and thus drawing her attention, perhaps rather markedly, to all the appliances for tidying and improving hair, complexion, clothes, which existed on the dressing table…

2. …as she greeted Clarissa Dalloway, she went straight to the far end of the room, to a shaded corner where a looking-glass hung and looked.

3. …oh these men, oh these women, all were thinking…

4. Rose herself being dressed in the height of the fashion, precisely like everybody else, always.

5. …slouched across the room, positively slinking, as if she were a beaten mongrel, and looked at a picture, an engraving.

6. “It’s so old-fashioned,” she said to Charles Burt, making him stop (which by itself he hated) on his way to talk to someone else.

7. (“Rather ruffled?” he said and went on to laugh at her with some woman over there)

8. Then Mrs. Holman, seeing her standing there, bore down upon her.

9. …all the time she could see little bits of her yellow dress in the round looking-glass which made them all the size of boot-buttons or tadpoles…

10. …if she had been dressed like Rose Shaw, in lovely, clinging green with a ruffle of swansdown, she would have deserved that…

11. Mabel Waring, left alone on the blue sofa, punching the cushion in order to look occupied, for she would not join Charles Burt and Rose Shaw, chattering like magpies and perhaps laughing at her by the fireplace

Mabel is thinking too much of her dress. Propose five sentences supporting the above statement.
Solution: 

1. She could not face the whole horror - the pale yellow, idiotically old fashioned silk dress with its long skirt and its high sleeves and its waist and all the things that looked so charming in the fashion book, but not on her, not among all these ordinary people.

2. I feel like some dowdy, decrepit, horribly dingy old fly.

3. She faced herself straight in the glass; she pecked at her left shoulder; she issued out into the room, as if spears were thrown at her yellow dress from all sides.

4. It’s so old-fashioned.

5. But in her yellow dress to-night she could not wring out one drop more; she wanted it all, all for herself

6. It seemed to her that the yellow dress was a penance which she had deserved.
Conchology means the scientific study or collection of mollusc shell. Refer to the dictionary and find out the meaning of Archaeology.



Solution: 



Archaeology



It is the scientific study of human life and activities of the past through the excavation of sites and analysis of the material remains.



Critically analyse Mabel’s weak economic conditions in the past as one of the reasons that led her to choose the old-fashioned dress.



Solution: 



Mabel came from a family of ten that never had enough money. As a child who did not have much in life, Mabel must have looked at the pretty women in the Paris fashion book and she must have mused dressing like them someday when she could afford that kind of money. Children are very impressionable and the glamorous pictures must have been imprinted in Mabel’s mind. In contrast to her family’s poor condition, the models might have looked like the epitome of beauty and elegance. In her desire to be elegant like those women in the fashion book, Mabel must have decided upon the old-fashioned dress. Another reason could have been Mabel’s current financial condition. We can see that Mabel does think about choosing a fashionable dress, but she knows that it cost her at least “thirty guineas”. Knowing well enough that she won’t be able to afford that kind of money, Mabel must have decided to go with the “old is gold” approach.



The cause of Miss Mabel’s disappointment is not only her poor background in the past but her too much bookishness also. Substantiate



Solution: 



From the second that Mabel arrives at the party, she obsesses over her dress and drives herself crazy thinking that everyone at the party is talking about her. Though her inferiority complex stems from the fact that she comes from a poor background, it cannot be denied that her bookishness, too, had a role to play in her disappointment. The first instance is when Mabel sleeps after reading Borrow or Scoot and wakes up at night battling with the intensity that people were commenting on the hideousness of her dress. We can also see, on multiple occasions, that Mabel keeps repeating tags and phrases from Shakespeare and lines from books that she had read long ago, to overcome the agony she feels due to her dowdy dress. Her “flies trying to get out of the saucer” theory is another way of escaping reality by imagining everyone as flies or insects. Whether it is imagining Rose Shaw as Boadicea or thinking that a party makes things much more real or much less real, her beliefs come from the books that she has read. Reading gives her pleasure and the moments that she spends reading are divine for her. Even at the end, when she decides to transform herself, she thinks of reading books to achieve that goal. Thus, it can be concluded that Mabel’s disappointment was not just the result of her poor background, but also her tendency to remain in the world of imagination, thereby making it difficult for her to come to terms with reality.



Do you appreciate Mabel’s tendency of deciding her own value from the comments given by others? Explain your views.



Solution: 



No, I do not appreciate Mabel’s tendency of deciding her own value from the comments given by others. Mabel has a very low opinion of herself and that is the reason why she seeks validation from others around her. She holds everyone, but herself, in high regard. However, Mabel is unable to take a compliment when she is given one, because of her over-analytical nature. She is so low on confidence that she thinks people are disguising their insults as compliments and lying to her. Instead Mabel should have risen above what other people think of her and she should have been comfortable in her own skin. We should never judge our self-worth by other people’s opinions of us. This will only make us more critical of ourselves and in turn make us lose confidence is our abilities.



Write the synonyms for the word ‘dress’ by filling appropriate letters in the blank.



__ t t __ r __



Solution: 



a t t i r e





__ __ r __ __



Solution: 



a r r a y



__ __  __ t __ __ e



Solution: 



c o s t u m e/ c o u t u r e



__ __ r __ __  __ t



Solution: 



g a r m e n t



__ __ t __  __ t



Solution: 



o u t f i t



Conchology means the scientific study or collection of mollusc shell. Refer to the dictionary and find out the meaning of Etymology.



Solution: 



Etymology:



It is the study of the origin of words and the development in their meanings throughout history.



Use the correct tense form of the verb given in the bracket and rewrite the sentence.



She ________ that old fashion book of her mother a few months back.



take

takes

took

had taken



She ________ at her left shoulder for quite some time.



pecking

pecks

pecked



One human should _______ this for another always.



done

doing

be doing



All this ________ destroyed in a few years.



will be

is

have been



She ______ like a dressmaker’s dummy standing there.



feels

felt

will be feeling



Do as directed.



Lata will sing tonight.  (Make it less certain)



Solution: 



Lata may/might sing tonight.



You should wear your uniform.  (Show ability)



Solution: 



You can/could wear your uniform.



Sandeep may study to clear the examination. (Make it obligatory/compulsory) 



Solution: 



Sandeep ought to study to clear the examination.



I can do it.  (Make a sentence seeking permission)



Solution: 



May I do it?



Frame three rules for the students of your college.



Solution: 



Students must not use mobile phones in the college premises.

Students must wear their ID cards while inside the college.

Students must adhere to the dress code of the college.



Frame three sentences giving advice to your younger brother.



Solution: 



You should inform us if you plan to stay out late.

You should always say ‘Thank you’ when someone helps you.

You should ensure that others don’t get hurt because of your words or actions.



Fill in the blank with appropriate modal auxiliaries according to the situation given in the following sentence.



Take an umbrella. It _______ rain later.



Solution: 



Take an umbrella. It may rain later.



People _______ walk on the grass.



Solution: 



People should not walk on the grass.



_______ I ask you a question?



Solution: 



May I ask you a question?





The signal has turned red. You _______ wait.



Solution: 



The signal has turned red. You must wait.





I am going to the library. I _______ find my friend there.



Solution: 



I am going to the library. I might find my friend there.



Read the sentence ‘we are all like flies….’. The paragraph describes the dejected thoughts that Miss Mabel carries in her mind. All the earlier paragraphs are in a continuity of a storyline. The next paragraph begins with, ‘I feel like….’ again resumes to a story. The author has moved in the mind of the character and out of it very smoothly without any intimation or change in the language or tense. Similarly, she has moved in the past years of Miss Mabel’s life. This is called ‘stream of consciousness’ technique.



Do it yourself.



Read the sentence from the text  What a hideous new dress!



This is an exclamation. It can be written as a simple sentence ‘The new dress is very hideous.’



Find out few more exclamatory sentences from the passage and transform them into assertive sentences.



Solution: 



1. What a fright she looks!

Ans: She looks like such a fright.

2. How dull!

Ans: It is so dull.



Virginia Woolf has created many characters other than Miss Mabel with great skill. Write a character sketch of any one of them.



Solution: 



Mrs. Dalloway, a novel by Virginia Woolf, was first published in 1925. Clarissa Dalloway, who has been introduced in this chapter as the woman who hosted the party that Mabel attended, is the protagonist of Mrs. Dalloway. This novel by Woolf also follows the stream of consciousness narrative.



Character Sketch of Mrs. Dalloway



Clarissa Dalloway is a pale and delicate upper-class lady in her fifties. She is a smart, loving, compassionate, and vibrant woman, who likes to host parties and thinks of her parties as a ‘gift’ to the society. As a woman with high social standing, she conducts herself in a way that is expected of her. Though she seems superficial, Clarissa is actually quite thoughtful and appreciates the little joys of life. She is sceptical and full of melancholy as she lives each day being fully aware of death and the darkness that surrounds her life. Married to a politician, Richard Dalloway, she questions whether she made the right choice all those years ago, when she rejected Peter Walsh to marry Richard, so that she could enjoy the perks of the high society, something that Peter could have never offered her. She even thinks about her attraction towards her friend Sally Seton thirty years ago. She lives her life dwelling on the past and thinks about how her decisions have shaped her life. This constant obsession with her history in regards to Peter and Sally overshadows her happy memories. In her youth, she was a lively and free-spirited girl, but with age she has become restrained and conventional. A complicated woman, who treasures her independence and loves her relationships, Clarissa Dalloway is the perfect example of ‘still waters run deep’



‘Clothes mean nothing until someone lives in them.’ Expand the idea in your own words.



Solution: 



Clothing is one of the basic necessities for humans all around the world. With a variety of fabrics, colours, textures, prints, patterns, and designs, our clothes speak volumes about our personality. They go a long way in creating a good first impression. However, clothes, in all their abundance, mean nothing until owned or worn by someone. Clothes that make a person feel lively and comfortable serve their purpose, because clothes are not just about what’s on the outside, but also about what’s on the inside. A sad or depressed mood leads us towards dark colours; and similarly, a good mood, steers us towards bright colours. Clothes are a medium of communication that needs no words. Thus, clothes that don’t make us feel in our element are not the right kind of clothes. After all, it is the person that adds meaning to the clothes and not the other way around.



Go to library and read the following book:



‘A Haunted House’ by Virginia Woolf



Solution: 



Do it yourself.



‘Mrs. Dalloway’ by Virginia Woolf



Solution: 



Do it yourself.



Find out information about career opportunities in the following field:



Fashion designing



Solution: 



Fashion designing:



The fashion industry is one of the most lucrative industries. With a variety of undergraduate and diploma courses available in fashion designing, one can choose to become a fashion designer, a retail buyer, a retail manager, a stylist, a personal shopper or a fashion blogger. The institutes offering fashion design courses in Mumbai are  ISDI School of Design and Innovation, National Institute of Fashion Technology, International Institute of Fashion Design, among others.



Dress designing



Solution: 



Dress designing:



Dress designing or costume designing is a part of fashion designing and involves researching fashion trends and creating patterns and introducing fabrics into the market. Pattern making, draping, tailoring, etc. are some of the areas that a dress designer needs to master. There are a lot of courses available for this specific branch under fashion designing, which teach the principles and processes of the fashion industry, computer programs used for dress design, the knowledge of materials, workforce leadership and the understanding of industrial equipment. Institutes offering fashion designing courses also provide dress or textile design courses.



Textile industry



Solution: 



Textile industry:



Textile industry is divided into Spinning, Weaving or Knitting, Weaving or Knitting. One needs to take a degree or diploma in textile engineering to enter this industry. The more artistic ones can joins as Textile Designers, however nowadays one needs to be more apt with computer-aided designing to enter this line. Graduates with textile chemistry find careers in dyeing and finishing, technical services, research and development, quality control, product development, polymer science and environmental control. Most graduates of the textile management program initially enter management trainee programs which can ultimately lead to plant or corporate management. Other career options include technical sales, industrial engineering, product development, marketing, customer relations, human resources, and cost and inventory control. So one who has a degree in Textile Engineering can work as: Process engineer, Quality control supervisor, Technical Services/Sales Manager, Operations Trainee, Process Improvement Engineer, Medical Textiles Engineer.



Garment industry



Solution: 



Garment industry:



The apparel industry is one of the most important sectors of the economy with regard to investment, revenue, and trade and employment generation all over the world. The apparel industry in India has substantially diversified on the basis of fashion, climate, region, culture, and fiscal factors. Indian textile is witnessing great growth and development in the industrial sector in India as well as abroad. The important segments covered in the apparel industry include home decor and furnishings along with clothing and fashion accessories for kids, women, and men. This sector needs skilled people as Pattern Masters, Cutters, Supervisors, Quality Controllers, the high-end job is for Merchandisers who have to deal with the buyers and keep track of the deliveries. 



Image consultancy



Solution: 



Do it yourself.



Psychology and Psychiatry



Solution: 



Do it yourself.


HSC ENGLISH MARCH 2020 SET A BOARD PAPER WITH SOLUTION
 
GRAMMAR
 
English Yuvakbharati Latest Syllabus Solution. 
 
SECTION ONE (Prose)
 
Chapter 1.1: An Astrologer’s Day
 
Chapter 1.2: On Saying “Please”
 
Chapter 1.3: The Cop and the Anthem
 
Chapter 1.4: Big Data-Big Insights
 
Chapter 1.5: The New Dress
 
Chapter 1.6: Into the Wild
 
Chapter 1.7: Why we Travel
 
Chapter 1.8: Voyaging Towards Excellence
 
SECTION TWO (Poetry)
 
Chapter 2.1: Song of the Open Road
 
Chapter 2.2: Indian Weavers
 
Chapter 2.3: The Inchcape Rock
 
Chapter 2.4: Have you Earned your Tomorrow
 
Chapter 2.5: Father Returning Home
 
Chapter 2.6: Money
 
Chapter 2.7: She Walks in Beauty
 
Chapter 2.8: Small Towns and Rivers
 
SECTION THREE (Writing Skills) 
Chapter 3.1: Summary Writing
 
Chapter 3.2: Do Schools Really Kill Creativity? (Mind-Mapping)
 
Chapter 3.3: Note–Making
 
Chapter 3.4: Statement of Purpose
 
Chapter 3.5: Drafting a Virtual Message
 
Chapter 3.6: Group Discussion
 
SECTION FOUR (Genre-Drama)
 
Chapter 4: History of Novel
 
Chapter 4: To Sir, with Love
 
Chapter 4: Around the World in Eighty Days
 
Chapter 4: The Sign of Four
 
ENGLISH PAST BOARD PAPERS UPTO DATE
 
MARCH 2014, OCTOBER 2014, MARCH 2015, JULY 2015, MARCH 2016 SET A, MARCH 2016 SET B, MARCH 2016 SET C, MARCH 2016 SET D, JULY 2016 SET A,  JULY 2016 SET B, JULY 2016 SET C, JULY 2016 SET D,  MARCH 2017 SET A, MARCH 2017 SET B, MARCH 2017 SET C, MARCH 2017 SET D,  JULY 2017 SET A, MARCH 2018 SET A,  MARCH 2018 SET B,  MARCH 2018 SET C,  MARCH 2018 SET D. MARCH 2019 SET A, MARCH 2019 SET B, MARCH 2019 SET C, MARCH 2019 SET D, MARCH 2020
 
APPEAL WRITING
 
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INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
 
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25 FAMOUS PROVERBS MEANING AND EXAMPLES
 
PROVERB
 
IDIOMS & PHRASES
 
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RESUME WRITING
 
INFORMATION TRANSFORM
 
DIALOGUE BETWEEN / CONVERSATION BETWEEN
 
FACT FILE AND TOURIST LEAFLET
 
TREE DIAGRAM
 
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VIEW AND COUNTERVIEW
 
DO YOU AGREE / DISCUSS
 
EXPANSION OF IDEA
 
ESSAYS COMPOSITIONS
 
POPULAR PROVERBS
 
HSC English New Activity Sheet Format for 2020.
 
HSC English ACTIVITY SHEET 1 - As per New Syllabus 2020
 
Activity Sheet No. 2. Important for Board Exam 2020.
 
APPEAL WRITING FOR BOARD EXAM 2020.
 
Important Rapid Reading Section for Board Exam 2020.
 
Tourist Leaflet writing : HSC Important for Board Exam 2020.
 
Important Application Letter Writing for Board Exam 2020.
 
HSC Important Letter Writing for Board Exam.
 
VIEW AND COUNTER-VIEW IMPORTANT FOR BOARD EXAM 2020
 
Report / News Writing Important for board exam 2020.
 
HSC IMPORTANT SPEECH WRITING FOR BOARD EXAM.
 
Interview Questions for Board Exam 2020.
 
QUESTION FORMATION FOR INTERVIEW
 
ENGLISH HSC MOST EXPECTED SAMPLE PAPER WITH SOLUTION
 
Important Grammar for Board Exam 2020.
 
HSC POEM IMPORTANT FOR BOARD EXAM 2020
 
1.1 THE PERSON I AM LOOKING FOR _ HAZARA SINGH:
 
2.1 I RAN INTO A STRANGER:
 
3.1 Suburbs:
 
4.1 Old Women:
 
5.1 The Felling Of The Banyan Tree :
 
6.1 A Nation's Strength:
 
7.1 Peace Is A Woman And A Mother :
 
HSC PROSE IMPORTANT FOR BOARD EXAM 2020
 
WHERE HAVE ALL THE BIRDS GONE?
 
A TALE FOR MANY CITIES
 
A BOY WITH A MISSION
 
THE ANIMAL SCHOOL A FABLE
 

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Summary new dress

The New Dress by Virginia Woolf is a short story written in the third person, focusing on the main character, Mabel. Though the narrator is unnamed, the readers are able to see directly into Mabel’s line of thought. Her mindset is described through clever analogies and narrations, and minute dialogues and interactions also lead us to understand her character. Woolf uses imagery, symbolism and imagery to draw the readers in. Further, there is the apt use of comparison and analogy. The various flashbacks Mabel has- thinking back to her family, as well as her time in Miss Millan’s shop getting her dress fitted, provides an interesting contrast between her feelings in the past and in the present moment. The main themes of this story are social class, loneliness, poverty, and insecurity.

The story begins with a forty-year-old woman named Mabel arriving at a party and removing her cloak. She has an ominous feeling that something is not quite right. She hurries to a quiet corner and checks the mirror, only to feel extremely dissatisfied by her appearance. She immediately feels insecure, imagining that the others at the party are eyeing her with contempt. She feels inferior and shabby as she thinks about her dress and her house in comparison to everyone else.

When she first got the invitation, she knew she would not be able to afford anything particularly fancy. However, she decided to style herself in a unique manner from her mother’s old Paris fashion book. At the time, she was overflowing with self-love, but now she regrets it greatly and is unable to look at the mirror. The fashionable Rose Shaw tells Mabel she looks charming, but Mabel feels that she is being insincere. Mabel likens herself to a fly on the wall, watching the other flies- guests- at the party, and while she is a mere housefly, they are all dragonflies and butterflies.

Mabel harshly criticizes herself and her dress, catching Robert Haydon’s attention- he quickly reassures her, albeit hastily, that she looks fine. For a moment, she thinks of her seamstress, Miss Milan, and the joy that rushed through Mabel’s heart when she glanced at herself in the dress back in the room. She thinks of Miss Milan’s hard work to stitch the dress. And then she is snapped back to the reality of the party, where she does not think she fits in and is frustrated at herself for worrying so much over others’ opinions.

She once again voices her displeasure, caught by someone named Charles. And rather than placating her, he responds mockingly, which lowers her confidence even more. Mabel’s mind wanders to her family and their background- relatively poor in comparison to the setting she is in at the party. She feels like an ordinary wife, a weak mother. In this whirlwind of emotions, Mabel comes to a resolve- she wants to change, she wants to become like a new person. She would head to the library, or the Strand, and come out a transformed woman- one who did not care about clothes or about what others thought of her.

Finally, she gets up, waving to Charles and Rose to show them they mean nothing to her. She thanks the hostess for the party and assures her she had a good time. However, she knows this is a lie. Politely declining the invitation to stay longer, Mabel wears the Chinese cloak she has had for twenty years and leaves the party early.

It is also important to think about how much of the scenario was simply in Mabel’s mind- did Rose really mock her? Was Robert Haydon’s hastiness because of her dress or out of the surprise of her words? This entire story focuses on Mabel’s innermost feelings, hence we as readers view everything from a biased lens. We see the party and interaction through Mabel’s mind, rather than objectively. This fact highlights how much one’s insecurities and fears can influence the reality of a situation. It is possible that while everyone in the party was dressed better, nobody truly paid Mabel’s dress much heed. However, due to Mabel’s high guard, it felt like they did.

This is brought to life by Woolf’s analogy between the party-goers and flies. Mabel describes herself as a “fly on the wall”, which is a metaphorical explanation of feeling like an outsider looking in. This brings in the theme of social isolation and loneliness. Mabel feels lonely because she cannot fit in – rather than mingling with the crowd, she feels more comfortable watching from the dark shadows in the sidelines. She likens herself to an ordinary housefly, which implies the inferior way she views herself, and compares the other, more extravagant members as beautiful dragonflies and butterflies. Here, we see the theme of wealth and class difference. 

The New Dress by Virginia Woolf is a short story written in the third person, focusing on the main character, Mabel. Though the narrator is unnamed, the readers are able to see directly into Mabel’s line of thought. Her mindset is described through clever analogies and narrations, and minute dialogues and interactions also lead us to understand her character. Woolf uses imagery, symbolism and imagery to draw the readers in. Further, there is the apt use of comparison and analogy. The various flashbacks Mabel has- thinking back to her family, as well as her time in Miss Millan’s shop getting her dress fitted, provides an interesting contrast between her feelings in the past and in the present moment. The main themes of this story are social class, loneliness, poverty, and insecurity.


The story begins with a forty-year-old woman named Mabel arriving at a party and removing her cloak. She has an ominous feeling that something is not quite right. She hurries to a quiet corner and checks the mirror, only to feel extremely dissatisfied by her appearance. She immediately feels insecure, imagining that the others at the party are eyeing her with contempt. She feels inferior and shabby as she thinks about her dress and her house in comparison to everyone else.

When she first got the invitation, she knew she would not be able to afford anything particularly fancy. However, she decided to style herself in a unique manner from her mother’s old Paris fashion book. At the time, she was overflowing with self-love, but now she regrets it greatly and is unable to look at the mirror. The fashionable Rose Shaw tells Mabel she looks charming, but Mabel feels that she is being insincere. Mabel likens herself to a fly on the wall, watching the other flies- guests- at the party, and while she is a mere housefly, they are all dragonflies and butterflies.

Mabel harshly criticizes herself and her dress, catching Robert Haydon’s attention- he quickly reassures her, albeit hastily, that she looks fine. For a moment, she thinks of her seamstress, Miss Milan, and the joy that rushed through Mabel’s heart when she glanced at herself in the dress back in the room. She thinks of Miss Milan’s hard work to stitch the dress. And then she is snapped back to the reality of the party, where she does not think she fits in and is frustrated at herself for worrying so much over others’ opinions.

She once again voices her displeasure, caught by someone named Charles. And rather than placating her, he responds mockingly, which lowers her confidence even more. Mabel’s mind wanders to her family and their background- relatively poor in comparison to the setting she is in at the party. She feels like an ordinary wife, a weak mother. In this whirlwind of emotions, Mabel comes to a resolve- she wants to change, she wants to become like a new person. She would head to the library, or the Strand, and come out a transformed woman- one who did not care about clothes or about what others thought of her.

Finally, she gets up, waving to Charles and Rose to show them they mean nothing to her. She thanks the hostess for the party and assures her she had a good time. However, she knows this is a lie. Politely declining the invitation to stay longer, Mabel wears the Chinese cloak she has had for twenty years and leaves the party early.

From the very beginning of the story, we can see that Mabel is intensely aware of her surroundings- the setting, the people, what they are wearing, and so forth. This adds to her insecurity, as her self-esteem immediately drops when she realizes that her dress does not fit in with what the others are wearing. Their clothes are more exquisite, something which she cannot afford. It is interesting to note that she often thinks about her dress and her life and personality in parallel. After commenting about how shabby and downy she looks compared to others, she thinks about her status as “a weak mother” and a wife. She seems to link these two things- the supposed dullness of her dress with the dullness of her personality.

This leads us to a possible indirect comparison made by Woolf. Rather, we may say that Mabel’s new yellow dress symbolizes her personality. While the dress was being fitted by Miss Millan, Mabel was overflowing with joy and excitement. She felt unique and special and was excited to receive the final product. This is in relation to the color of the dress, as yellow often signifies brightness and happiness. However, when Mabel attends the party, her confidence drops. She feels like all eyes are on her and everybody is mocking her poverty. This is symbolized by the fact that the dress is different from everybody else’s.

It is also important to think about how much of the scenario was simply in Mabel’s mind- did Rose really mock her? Was Robert Haydon’s hastiness because of her dress or out of the surprise of her words? This entire story focuses on Mabel’s innermost feelings, hence we as readers view everything from a biased lens. We see the party and interaction through Mabel’s mind, rather than objectively. This fact highlights how much one’s insecurities and fears can influence the reality of a situation. It is possible that while everyone in the party was dressed better, nobody truly paid Mabel’s dress much heed. However, due to Mabel’s high guard, it felt like they did.

This is brought to life by Woolf’s analogy between the party-goers and flies. Mabel describes herself as a “fly on the wall”, which is a metaphorical explanation of feeling like an outsider looking in. This brings in the theme of social isolation and loneliness. Mabel feels lonely because she cannot fit in – rather than mingling with the crowd, she feels more comfortable watching from the dark shadows in the sidelines. She likens herself to an ordinary housefly, which implies the inferior way she views herself, and compares the other, more extravagant members as beautiful dragonflies and butterflies. Here, we see the theme of wealth and class difference. The extraordinariness of dragonflies and butterflies in comparison to the housefly symbolizes the visible difference between the rich and poor, suggesting that a housefly like Mabel cannot possibly mingle with the likes of the higher class- after all, she even looks different.

When Mabel thinks about her past, the readers may understand that the insecurities have been present for a long time, but only came to fruition in such social situations. She blames the poverty of her upbringing for the current situation and feels envious of others such as Rose. Her constant frustrated remarks seem to be for two purposes- one is to make it clear to those around her that she does not find her dress pretty, for she does not want them to question her taste. The other may be to hear some positive words and reassurances. Though she gets such reassurance, she views it through a guarded lens, and hence it comes across insincere- this only makes her confidence drop lower.

We see her mind flashing between Miss Millan’s workroom and the party. The difference between Mabel’s attitude while in her comfort zone and when she’s in an unfamiliar social gathering is evident. In the workroom, she was flowing with self-love and confidence, which disappears in the presence of others. Here, we see an important element which Mabel addresses herself: getting affected by the opinions of others. Mabel is far too wary of what others may think of her, which is what diminishes her earlier confidence. We see a conflict between two sides of Mabel’s personality- one who wishes to start afresh and be stronger and happier, and the other who is limited by the unease she feels in the presence of wealthier people.

Mabel leaving the party early, wearing her cloak of twenty years, could provide a ray of hope. She waves off Rose and Charles as she leaves, the first act of nonchalance we see from her. It is also important to note that people often vie for invitations to social gatherings, especially of the wealthy, yet she is leaving early despite receiving a direct invitation. We may see it as a subtle act of individuality and courage, a flash of self-realization that she does not have to put herself through uncomfortable situations for the sake of reputation. She is breaking away from others’ opinions and views of her and finally acting for herself. Further, the fact that she is wearing her old cloak, the same as usual, may symbolize that certain things cannot change so easily. This is her life, and it is up to her to make the best of it.mparison to the housefly symbolizes the visible difference between the rich and poor, suggesting that a housefly like Mabel cannot possibly mingle with the likes of the higher classes after all. she ever looks different. 

The New Dress by Virginia Woolf is a short story written in the third person, focusing on the main character, Mabel. Though the narrator is unnamed, the readers are able to see directly into Mabel’s line of thought. Her mindset is described through clever analogies and narrations, and minute dialogues and interactions also lead us to understand her character. Woolf uses imagery, symbolism and imagery to draw the readers in. Further, there is the apt use of comparison and analogy. The various flashbacks Mabel has- thinking back to her family, as well as her time in Miss Millan’s shop getting her dress fitted, provides an interesting contrast between her feelings in the past and in the present moment. The main themes of this story are social class, loneliness, poverty, and insecurity.

The story begins with a forty-year-old woman named Mabel arriving at a party and removing her cloak. She has an ominous feeling that something is not quite right. She hurries to a quiet corner and checks the mirror, only to feel extremely dissatisfied by her appearance. She immediately feels insecure, imagining that the others at the party are eyeing her with contempt. She feels inferior and shabby as she thinks about her dress and her house in comparison to everyone else.

When she first got the invitation, she knew she would not be able to afford anything particularly fancy. However, she decided to style herself in a unique manner from her mother’s old Paris fashion book. At the time, she was overflowing with self-love, but now she regrets it greatly and is unable to look at the mirror. The fashionable Rose Shaw tells Mabel she looks charming, but Mabel feels that she is being insincere. Mabel likens herself to a fly on the wall, watching the other flies- guests- at the party, and while she is a mere housefly, they are all dragonflies and butterflies.

Mabel harshly criticizes herself and her dress, catching Robert Haydon’s attention- he quickly reassures her, albeit hastily, that she looks fine. For a moment, she thinks of her seamstress, Miss Milan, and the joy that rushed through Mabel’s heart when she glanced at herself in the dress back in the room. She thinks of Miss Milan’s hard work to stitch the dress. And then she is snapped back to the reality of the party, where she does not think she fits in and is frustrated at herself for worrying so much over others’ opinions.

She once again voices her displeasure, caught by someone named Charles. And rather than placating her, he responds mockingly, which lowers her confidence even more. Mabel’s mind wanders to her family and their background- relatively poor in comparison to the setting she is in at the party. She feels like an ordinary wife, a weak mother. In this whirlwind of emotions, Mabel comes to a resolve- she wants to change, she wants to become like a new person. She would head to the library, or the Strand, and come out a transformed woman- one who did not care about clothes or about what others thought of her.


Finally, she gets up, waving to Charles and Rose to show them they mean nothing to her. She thanks the hostess for the party and assures her she had a good time. However, she knows this is a lie. Politely declining the invitation to stay longer, Mabel wears the Chinese cloak she has had for twenty years and leaves the party early.

From the very beginning of the story, we can see that Mabel is intensely aware of her surroundings- the setting, the people, what they are wearing, and so forth. This adds to her insecurity, as her self-esteem immediately drops when she realizes that her dress does not fit in with what the others are wearing. Their clothes are more exquisite, something which she cannot afford. It is interesting to note that she often thinks about her dress and her life and personality in parallel. After commenting about how shabby and downy she looks compared to others, she thinks about her status as “a weak mother” and a wife. She seems to link these two things- the supposed dullness of her dress with the dullness of her personality.

This leads us to a possible indirect comparison made by Woolf. Rather, we may say that Mabel’s new yellow dress symbolizes her personality. While the dress was being fitted by Miss Millan, Mabel was overflowing with joy and excitement. She felt unique and special and was excited to receive the final product. This is in relation to the color of the dress, as yellow often signifies brightness and happiness. However, when Mabel attends the party, her confidence drops. She feels like all eyes are on her and everybody is mocking her poverty. This is symbolized by the fact that the dress is different from everybody else’s.

It is also important to think about how much of the scenario was simply in Mabel’s mind- did Rose really mock her? Was Robert Haydon’s hastiness because of her dress or out of the surprise of her words? This entire story focuses on Mabel’s innermost feelings, hence we as readers view everything from a biased lens. We see the party and interaction through Mabel’s mind, rather than objectively. This fact highlights how much one’s insecurities and fears can influence the reality of a situation. It is possible that while everyone in the party was dressed better, nobody truly paid Mabel’s dress much heed. However, due to Mabel’s high guard, it felt like they did.

This is brought to life by Woolf’s analogy between the party-goers and flies. Mabel describes herself as a “fly on the wall”, which is a metaphorical explanation of feeling like an outsider looking in. This brings in the theme of social isolation and loneliness. Mabel feels lonely because she cannot fit in – rather than mingling with the crowd, she feels more comfortable watching from the dark shadows in the sidelines. She likens herself to an ordinary housefly, which implies the inferior way she views herself, and compares the other, more extravagant members as beautiful dragonflies and butterflies. Here, we see the theme of wealth and class difference. The extraordinariness of dragonflies and butterflies in comparison to the housefly symbolizes the visible difference between the rich and poor, suggesting that a housefly like Mabel cannot possibly mingle with the likes of the higher class- after all, she even looks different.

When Mabel thinks about her past, the readers may understand that the insecurities have been present for a long time, but only came to fruition in such social situations. She blames the poverty of her upbringing for the current situation and feels envious of others such as Rose. Her constant frustrated remarks seem to be for two purposes- one is to make it clear to those around her that she does not find her dress pretty, for she does not want them to question her taste. The other may be to hear some positive words and reassurances. Though she gets such reassurance, she views it through a guarded lens, and hence it comes across insincere- this only makes her confidence drop lower.

We see her mind flashing between Miss Millan’s workroom and the party. The difference between Mabel’s attitude while in her comfort zone and when she’s in an unfamiliar social gathering is evident. In the workroom, she was flowing with self-love and confidence, which disappears in the presence of others. Here, we see an important element which Mabel addresses herself: getting affected by the opinions of others. Mabel is far too wary of what others may think of her, which is what diminishes her earlier confidence. We see a conflict between two sides of Mabel’s personality- one who wishes to start afresh and be stronger and happier, and the other who is limited by the unease she feels in the presence of wealthier people.

Mabel leaving the party early, wearing her cloak of twenty years, could provide a ray of hope. She waves off Rose and Charles as she leaves, the first act of nonchalance we see from her. It is also important to note that people often vie for invitations to social gatherings, especially of the wealthy, yet she is leaving early despite receiving a direct invitation. We may see it as a subtle act of individuality and courage, a flash of self-realization that she does not have to put herself through uncomfortable situations for the sake of reputation. She is breaking away from others’ opinions and views of her and finally acting for herself. Further, the fact that she is wearing her old cloak, the same as usual, may symbolize that certain things cannot change so easily. This is her life, and it is up to her to make the best of it.





Tuesday, 8 October 2024

Group Discussion?

Chapter 4: Group Discussion Balbharati Solutions for English Yuvakbharati 12th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board

3.6 Group Discussion 

What is a Group Discussion?

A group discussion is a formal discussion conducted on a topic among a group of ten to twelve participants. The participants analyse the topic from their respective angles and present their views and opinice Breakers

(i) Write the benefits of a group discussion.

a) It helps to understand the subject or topic easily.

b) It helps in generating more ideas about a topic.

c) It lets the participants know about their mistakes and weaknesses.

d) It helps participants to build their confide It prepares individuals to face oral exams.

f) It enhances the speaking ability of the participants.

g) It helps the participants to develop their listening skill.

h) It increases participants’ persuading and debating ability.

i) It helps the participants to share their views and ideas.

j) It allows the participants to reach a general consensus.

-------------------------ctivity No. 1

Imagine that you have recently discussed with your friends on ‘the benefits of travelling’, and write the same discussion in the form of dialogues that you have experienced. Write suitable dialogues for each participant giving his/her opinion on the given topic.

Answer:

I: Hello Rajesh! How are you?

Rajesh: Hello Tushar! I am fine. I have just come from the four-day journey from Goa. Arnav was also with me.

I: Yes. I couldn’t join you this time. How’s your travelling? Did you both enjoy it?

Arnav: Yes. Really travelling gives you immense joy. We both enjoyed it a lot. 

Rajesh: If we feel to refresh ourselves; travelling is necessary. We should take some time from our busy schedule and go travelling.

I: Yes. I agree. Travelling refreshes our mind and soul but sometimes we don’t get a good experience if our planning is not appropriate.

Arnav: It's true. If we make a good plan and arrangements, we will get good time to visit special places, to buy different and unique things and to feel the strength of nature.

Rajesh: Yes Arnav. These are the real benefits of travelling. One thing I want to add is that travelling gives us new experience and confidence to tackle different situations.

I:  I agree. Travelling is the best media to learn different things. We get knowledge of historical places, religious places, culture of the land and customs and traditions of different areas.

Rajesh: True. OK. Next time do join us for a new trip. Bye.

I:   Yes. OK. Bye Rajesh. Bye Arnav.

Arnav:  Bye.


.


 

Chapter 4: Group Discussiou must have discussed many things with your friends, classmates in a group. It might be about going on a picnic or selecting a gift for your teacher.

What do you think are the benefits of a group discussion?

(a) ___________________

(b) ___________________

(c) ____________________


SOLUTION: 


(a) it helps by offering different perspectives

(b) it improves one’s analytical skills

(c) it improves one’s speaking and listening skills


You must have discussed many things with your friends, classmates in a group. It might be about going on a picnic or selecting a gift for your teacher.

Do you think some people are right and some are wrong in a group discussion? Why?


SOLUTION: 


Yes, I do believe that every group discussion consists of some people who are right and some who are wrong. This is usually because a person’s opinion is influenced by a large number of factors such as where they live, where they grew up, what information is available to them, the kind of people that they are surrounded with, what their interests are, the social and economic history of their family, political influences and various other factors. Because every person is unique and because their viewpoint is a combination of such a large variety of factors, it is natural that some may have the right approach to a discussion and some may not.


You must have discussed many things with your friends, classmates in a group. It might be about going on a picnic or selecting a gift for your teacher.

People have different views and opinions because:

Chapter 4: Group Discussion Balbharati Solutions for English Yuvakbharati 12th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board


SOLUTION: 


Chapter 4: Group Discussion Balbharati Solutions for English Yuvakbharati 12th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board


Complete the web highlighting the uses of ‘Group Discussion’. One is done for you.

Chapter 4: Group Discussion Balbharati Solutions for English Yuvakbharati 12th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board

SOLUTION: 


In job interviews

Business and project planning

For family decisions

Strategy building in team sports


Rama, Asif, Rachana and Aarav are participating in a group discussion. The evaluator has given them a topic, ‘Teenagers are more inclined towards junk food nowadays’. Write suitable dialogues for each participant giving his/her opinion on the topic.

Evaluator: You’ve all been given a few minutes to think about your topic for today’s group discussion, which is ‘Teenagers are more inclined towards junk food’. You may now begin the discussion. Who would like to start?

Rama: _____________________

Asif: ______________

Aarav: ______________

Rachana: ______________

Evaluator: Please conclude

Aarav: ______________


SOLUTION: 


Evaluator:

You’ve all been given a few minutes to think on your topic for today’s group discussion, which is ‘Teenagers are more inclined towards junk food’. You may now begin the discussion. Who would like to start?

Rama:

Teenagers are probably some of the biggest consumers of junk food today. Picking up a snack or two from the street vendors while on their way back home is now common practice.

Asif:

Absolutely. There has been a rapid increase in the consumption of junk food by teenagers. In my opinion, one of the reasons for this is a large number of options available today at throwaway prices. For example, various brands of chips, sodas, and candies available at every nook and corner are sure to entice anyone.

Aarav:

You may have something there, Asif, but I am afraid you are not considering a large number of healthy options also available to them. Teenagers today are also involved in a lot more physical exercise as part of their extracurricular activities, like swimming, football, cricket, etc. Because of this, they are more likely to eat well and focus on their fitness.

Rachana:

I fully agree with Aarav. In fact, fitness has become a trend among teenagers today. Moreover, most teenagers get their information from the internet and are exposed to the ill-effects of junk food and the benefits of a healthy diet. So I believe, they are less likely to indulge in junk food.

Rama:

I can see your point Rachana, but don’t you agree that the internet can also be a source of exposure to harmful dietary items, thus tempting more teenagers to consume junk food? I believe it all comes down to awareness about the ill-effects of junk food which should be imparted at an early age.

Evaluator:

Please conclude.

Aarav:

We can conclude by saying that while teenagers have more access to junk food today, they also have a large number of equally tasty and healthy options available. Whether or not they are inclined to indulge in a bad diet depends upon their level of awareness about their ill-effects and this should be made a part of their curriculum and must be discussed at home right from an early age.


Read the following statements. If you agree, say ‘Yes’ and if you don’t agree, say ‘No’. State the reason for your opinion.

Sr. No.

Statement

Yes/No

Reason

1.

It is not possible to guess the topic for group discussion. Then there is no need to prepare.

 

 

2.

Always have a discussion with your family and friends on different topics.

 

 

3.

You must aim to get noticed by the evaluators.

 

 

4.

Forget the evaluator and look at the participants while discussion

 

 

5.

You should raise your voice to be heard by everyone and speak for a long time to show your knowledge.

 

 

6.

You should always take the opportunity to begin the discussion

 

 

7.

Take a strong position/view and defend it till the end.

 

 

8.

Do not keep waiting for your turn to speak. You have to be alert and quick.

 

 

9.

Listening to others also plays an important role in a group discussion.

 

 

10.

You must interrupt a person if you do not agree to his opinion.

 

 

11.

Show your leadership skills by being assertive, not aggressive.

 

 

12.

Participating in a group discussion also means helping everyone to reach a consensus in spite of difference of opinion

 

 


SOLUTION: 


Sr. No.

Statement

Yes/No

Reason

1.

It is not possible to guess the topic for group discussion. Then there is no need to prepare.

No

Knowledge is strength. Since a group discussion is a test of one’s knowledge and ability to clearly express one’s thoughts, one can always prepare for it by reading up on diverse topics. Reading newspapers, watching documentaries and indulging in stimulating discussions are a few ways to enhance knowledge. A candidate with sound knowledge of different topics has a higher chance of success.

2.

Always have a discussion with your family and friends on different topics.

Yes

Having meaningful discussions on diverse topics will not only help you gain a better understanding of the topic and a broader perspective, but also help you develop a deeper bond with your family and friends. Such discussions will also help you understand your weaknesses and give you a good idea about how well you can express your thoughts.

3.

You must aim to get noticed by the evaluators.

No

The aim of the discussion is not to impress the evaluator but to contribute meaningfully to the topic while listening and learning from other participants.

4.

Forget the evaluator and look at the participants while discussion

Yes

The group discussion is between you and the other members, not the evaluator. It is considered good practice to avoid interaction and any kind of eye contact with the evaluator while the discussion is in progress.

5.

You should raise your voice to be heard by everyone and speak for a long time to show your knowledge.

No

It is very important for a participant to remain calm and logical in a group discussion. Reacting emotionally in a discussion causes one to lose control and this may affect your evaluation because the participant is judged not only on his communication skills but also on his ability to work in a team. In addition, evaluation focuses on the quality of your argument and not on its quantity. The participant must focus on making relevant points and not take up too much time. This reflects negatively on his ability to accept other people’s opinions and makes him look self-centred.

6.

You should always take the opportunity to begin the discussion

No

You should only initiate the discussion if you have a very valid point to make. If you are doubtful, do not initiate the discussion. Simply starting, without careful consideration or sufficient knowledge, can result in a wrong interpretation of the topic and cast a bad impression.

7.

Take a strong position/view and defend it till the end.

No

Blindly taking a stand throughout the discussion may land a participant in trouble. During the course of the group discussion, it is possible that a participant’s viewpoint changes because he is successfully convinced by another participant. In such a case, the participant may change his position, giving the impression that he is open to accepting others’ viewpoints. As the aim is to reach a conclusion, it is natural for some participants to change their views to make sure the team reaches a common conclusion.

8.

Do not keep waiting for your turn to speak. You have to be alert and quick.

Yes

In a group discussion, it is not likely that one will be specifically asked to speak. In order to express his opinion, the participant must be alert and seek out an appropriate time, such as, after another participant has finished speaking and present his views. If one feels like they must interrupt another person, they should do so, politely.

9.

Listening to others also plays an important role in a group discussion.

Yes

Not only does listening to others indicate a willingness to accommodate others’ views, it also offers the participant a chance to respond meaningfully, which increases his chance of making a good impression on the evaluator. In addition, it allows the participant to broaden his perspective by understanding various viewpoints. Listening intently, nodding while appreciating another’s viewpoint can also reflect positively on the participant.

10.

You must interrupt a person if you do not agree to his opinion.

No

Interrupting a person while they are speaking, just because you don’t agree with their opinion, indicates an emotional response and creates the impression that you are not a team player. In a team, one often has to work with people who they do not agree with, but one must always listen patiently to what each person has to say. Thus, one must wait for the person to finish before expressing disagreement.

11.

Show your leadership skills by being assertive, not aggressive.

Yes

While it is important to be assertive, that is, to be determined in one’s arguments, it is important to not cross the line into aggression. Being aggressive creates a bad impression because it indicates that you are not approaching the discussion logically and cannot work well in a team.

12.

Participating in a group discussion also means helping everyone to reach a consensus in spite of a difference of opinion

Yes

The aim of the group discussion is to reach a logical conclusion through teamwork. Thus, it is essential that the differences of opinion are resolved and the participants direct the discussion to reach an outcome that is agreed upon by all. This may mean that one may have to support or discourage another participant’s views so that the group reaches a consensus.


Group discussion helps to unravel the following personality traits in a person.

Chapter 4: Group Discussion Balbharati Solutions for English Yuvakbharati 12th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board


SOLUTION: 


Critical thinking

Leadership skills

Communication skills

Creative thinking


Match the following.

Column A

Column B

Discuss

Give special importance or value to something in speaking or writing

Argue

Say something again, a number of times

Deliberate

Express opposite views in a heated or angry way

Reiterate

Engage in long and careful consideration

Emphasize

To talk about a subject with someone and tell each other your ideas and opinions


SOLUTION: 


Column A

Column B

Discuss

To talk about a subject with someone and tell each other your ideas and opinions

Argue

Express opposite views in a heated or angry way

Deliberate

Engage in long and careful consideration

Reiterate

Say something again, a number of times

Emphasize

Give special importance or value to something in speaking or writing


Write the following sentence in reported indirect speech:


He said, “If you find my answers satisfactory, will you give me five rupees?”

SOLUTION: 


He asked me whether I would give him five rupees if I found his answers satisfactory.


The astrologer said, “You were left for dead. Am I right?”

SOLUTION:


The astrologer confirmed whether I was left for dead.


“I should have been dead if some passerby had not chanced to peep into the well,” exclaimed Guru Nayak.


SOLUTION:

Guru Nayak exclaimed that he would have been dead had some passerby not chanced to peep into the well.


He told her, “Do you know a great load is gone from me today.”


SOLUTION:

He confessed to her that a great load had gone from him that day.


Read a part of a conversation between Neha and Nidhi.

Neha: Where are you going, Nidhi?

Nidhi: I am going for my music lessons.

The above conversation is written in exact words spoken. If this conversation was to be reported by a third person then it would be written as:

Neha asked Nidhi where she was going. Nidhi replied that she was going for her music lessons.

Notice the changes in the reported sentence. Note the changes in pronouns, tenses, reporting, and reported verbs and other changes. Now find sentences from the text in the direct speech and convert them into the reported speech.


SOLUTION:


Some examples of direct speech from the text are:

1. Evaluator: You may now begin the discussion. Who would like to start?

2. Manisha: I think the topic of this discussion is very relevant to all of us here.

3. Anamika: I also agree with Manisha.

4. John: Yes, I would like to add to it. I don’t think students use mobile phones only for seeking useful information. They use it for entertainment too.

5. Anamika: Yes John, you are absolutely right.

6. Ananya: Yes, all this is true but don’t you all agree that they do see unwanted things and waste their time in things not suitable for their age group.

7. John: I agree with what Ananya says. It is a sheer wastage of time, money, and energy.

8. Evaluator: Could someone conclude, please?

These can be converted into reported speech as follows:

1. The evaluator instructed the group to start the discussion and asked them who would like to go first.

2. Manisha thought the topic of the discussion was very relevant to all those who were present there.

3. Anamika said that she, too, agreed with Manisha.

4. John added to the discussion by saying that students not only used the mobile phone for seeking useful information but also for entertainment.

5. Anamika affirmed that John was absolutely right.

6. Ananya accepted that everything that had been saying was true and asked the group if they agreed that the students did see unwanted things and waste their time in things that were not suitable for their age group.

7. John agreed with Ananya about mobile phones being a sheer wastage of time, money, and energy.

8. The evaluator asked whether someone from the group could conclude the discussion.

 

Read the following sentence given in indirect speech and convert them into direct speech.


Shirish said that he would not be able to solve the problem.


SOLUTION:


Shirish said, “I won’t be able to solve the problem.”


Lata told me to give her a glass of water.


SOLUTION:


Lata said, “Give me a glass of water.”


Ananya exclaimed with joy that she had received the Ph.D. degree.


SOLUTION:


Ananya exclaimed, “I have received the Ph.D. degree!”


Shilpa asked us if there was any other document to be typed.


SOLUTION:


Shilpa said to us, “Is there any other document to be typed?”


Swati said that she would not get the money.


SOLUTION:


Swati said, “I won’t get the money.”


An economically deprived girl student in your class who has received admission to a reputable college abroad needs monetary help to pursue further studies there. Have a group discussion amongst your friends to seek solutions to help her. Write four/five views in the form of dialogues.


SOLUTION:


Veena:

As we all know, Priya has secured admission at the prestigious Oxford University to pursue a Master’s Degree in Mechanical Engineering. However, since she is finding it difficult to pay the fees, let’s try to find a way to help her. I believe we can organize a fundraising event in college with the Principal’s permission and urge people to donate at the event.

Vivek:

Yes, that is a great idea, Veena. The event can be part of the college’s annual festivities. But I also think we should approach some educational trusts like the Tata Trust to secure some donation towards her fees. I hear they offer scholarships to many deserving candidates each year.

Siddhi:

Absolutely. There are a number of reputable institutions that offer scholarships to deserving students. In addition, there are also a number of organizations working towards encouraging higher education among young girls in India. We should seek such institutions that work towards the empowerment of girls, like the Shiksha Foundations.

Rohit:

You may have something there, Siddhi. But I do believe the fundraiser would be our bet. Such trusts receive a large number of applications and involve long procedures. On the other hand, the event will solely focus on helping Priya. In addition, we can use the event to raise awareness about educating the girl child. We can also use the college website and put up posters around campus to raise awareness about the event.

Veena:

I fully agree with Rohit. The fundraising event is the best way to help Priya. We can also start an online campaign on our college’s social media channels and urge our friends to spread the word. The campaign will raise the curiosity of the students and ensure maximum participation on the day of the event.

Vivek:

I think we have a plan in place now. To conclude our discussion, we have decided to organize a fundraising event for Priya which will be preceded by an online campaign on the college’s social media channels. The event will focus on the cause of the education of the girl child. In the meantime, we will also gather information about educational trusts that offer scholarships to deserving students and help Priya in applying for the same.




There is an inter-school cricket match and your school is losing. As you are the captain, have a group discussion with your teammates in the tea break about the strategy to be followed to save your school from losing the match. Give at least four/five suggestions.


SOLUTION:


Swati:

Hello, everyone. I know that our score is not very good right now. But I believe that together, we can figure out a way to win this match. I think our best strategy would be to play on the offensive with our fielders assuming attacking positions. This way, we may have a higher chance of picking up the first few crucial wickets.

Vishal:

I agree with Swati. Chasing a low score of 150 runs will not be difficult for the opposing team if we don’t adopt an offensive strategy. I also think Rohan and Minaz should bowl the first few overs as they have the most experience at playing inter-school matches.

Pooja:

I’m afraid I don’t agree with you Vishal. In my opinion, the best tactic would be to set a defensive field and keep the run rate to a minimum.

Ninad:

I fully agree with you Pooja. By adopting a defensive strategy we can frustrate the players into making a rash shot. Their batting order includes some inexperienced players and I think we should focus on slowing the run rate rather than on dismissing the players.

Vishal:

I understand what you’re saying Ninad but I really think Swati is right. If we look at the last few matches played by their school, their best players are known for their aerial shots. We should use this knowledge to our advantage.

Pooja:

You may have something there, Vishal. I think I can conclude by saying that an attacking field may be our best bet right now. Rohan and Minaz can bowl the first few overs and let’s focus on goading the players into playing over the top. I think if we put our minds to it, we can win this match.



Form four groups in your class and have a group discussion on the following topic.


Role of ICT in education


SOLUTION:


Moderator:

You’ve all been given a few minutes to think on your topic for today’s group discussion, which is, ‘Role of ICT in education’. You may now begin the discussion. Who would like to start?

Vivek:

Hello, everyone. As we all know, we live in an era of technology. As with everything else, technology has also influenced the education sector. The use of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) in education has completely revolutionized the idea of a classroom and optimized the delivery of information. As opposed to an ordinary classroom, computer or internet equipped classrooms offer a large variety of tools and material to the student to help improve their understanding.

Nisha: 

You’re absolutely right Vivek. Not only are classroom lectures enhanced with the use of presentations, videos or interactive tools, but the development of online lectures for students has also become a popular phenomenon, providing accessibility of education to a larger number of students who may not be able to reach their classrooms for myriad reasons.

Nazim:

That is an excellent point, Nisha. I would also like to add that besides the advantage of being able to access the lectures from their homes, children also have the added benefit of flexibility. Because of their ability to access study material and lectures any time they want, they can decide a study schedule best suited for their needs.

Avani:

Absolutely. Let’s not forget that even in a physical classroom, a learning management system can help conduct quizzes, grade papers and even give the teacher an analysis of how much the students have learnt, all at the tip of her fingers. In addition, such digital systems can eliminate the need to perform tasks like taking attendance or creating reports and leave more time for the teacher to focus on the content of his course.

Riya:

That’s a great point, Avani. Finally, I’d also like to add that in situations when a student is unable to attend his regular lectures for personal reasons, an ICT equipped classroom can help him bridge the divide by revising the material at home and then rejoining his classmates in the physical classroom.

Moderator:

Please conclude.

Nikita:

I think we can all agree that ICT has greatly transformed our outlook on education. To conclude, I’d like to say that technology in education helps facilitate universal access to learning, helps bridge learning gaps, optimizes time management, and improves overall administration, in addition to providing a wide variety of digital tools to aid learning.


Clean India


SOLUTION:


Moderator:

You’ve all been given a few minutes to think on your topic for today’s group discussion, which is, ‘Clean India’. You may now begin the discussion. Who would like to start?

Kalpesh:

Hello, everyone. I would like to begin the discussion by pointing out that a ‘Clean India’ is the need of the hour. Given our ever-increasing population, it is becoming harder and harder to maintain cleanliness in our public spaces. I think our biggest obstacle is improper waste disposal. Despite the installation of garbage bins in various public spaces, littering is a common sight.

Amit:

You’re absolutely right, Kalpesh. Improper waste disposal is a big problem, particularly in overcrowded cities. Besides the obvious problem of ruining the beauty of the public spaces, it also poses a serious threat to public health. Garbage left rotting on the streets or in a public space is often a source of disease as it attracts insects and flies.

Rahul:

Could I make a point, please? Besides the disposal of waste, another major problem we face is the lack of segregation of waste. Unfortunately, very few households take the pains to separate their waste into recyclable, biodegradable, and non-biodegradable items. This leads to a wastage of products that can either be recycled or made into compost and all of these end up in landfills, further contributing to land pollution.

Kaya:

I fully agree with you, Rahul. Cleanliness is often wrongly considered to be a responsibility of the government alone. Thus, I believe we need to work towards raising awareness among individuals about their role in the Clean India Mission. In fact, the recent campaign by our government proved to be a resounding success as it addressed the need for individuals to take responsibility for the cleanliness of their surroundings.

Ronik:

Absolutely, Kaya. Besides, the campaign also focused on the development of sanitary facilities and hand pumps in the rural areas of our country. However, the government alone cannot succeed without the efforts of the populace. Therefore, I believe that students like us, should participate in the youth wing of local civic bodies and adopt the issue of cleanliness. Even as ordinary students, each of us can contribute by not littering, segregating waste at home and by pointing out those that litter on the streets.

Moderator:

Please conclude.

Aarav:

In conclusion, I think we can all agree that a ‘Clean India’ is only possible through a combined effort of the government and the people. It is the duty of every citizen to practice safe disposal of waste, to undertake separation of waste and to raise awareness in their schools, colleges or societies about the need for maintaining a clean environment. Finally, as the youth of the country, we should also play our part by reaching out to local governing bodies and asking what we can do to help the cause.